Síndrome de Horner por migración paravertebral cefálica del anestésico local / Horner syndrome secondary to cephalic paravertebral migration of local anaesthetic

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[Changes in the acid-base equilibrium of pleural fluid during the first 2 hours after thoracentesis]. / Evolución del equilibrio ácido-base del líquido pleural durante las 2 primeras horas de la toracocentesis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess changes in the acid-base equilibrium of pleural fluid during the first 2 hours after thoracentesis and to determine whether, as with arterial blood, it is important to keep the fluid on ice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, descriptive, comparative study was performed in 53 consecutive patients with pleural effusion. Thoracentesis was performed and pleural fluid was collected in 5 heparinized syringes to determine the pH, PO2, and PCO2 at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. In the first 26 patients, pleural fluid was collected in a further 4 syringes that were kept on ice prior to performing the same measurements at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. RESULTS: The patients had a mean (SD) age of 70 (14) years, 66% were smokers, 72% were men, 63% had right-sided pleural effusion, 85% had unilateral effusion, and 15% had massive effusion. In 10 patients the effusion was a transudate, in 35 it was lymphocytic, and in 8 it was neutrophilic. The etiology was benign in 34 cases and neoplastic in 19 cases. The baseline pH was 7.35 (0.1) and baseline values of PO2 and PCO2 were 57.8 (20) mm Hg and 53.7 (15) mm Hg, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the first 2 hours for either pH or PCO2, whereas PO2 did undergo a significant change over this period. The difference between the baseline value and the value obtained at 120 minutes was 0.005 (0.02) for pH, 12.5 (19) mm Hg for PO2, and 0.8 (3) mm Hg for PCO2, with correlation coefficients of 0.97, 0.49, and 0.98, respectively. Comparison of values by simple regression analysis did not reveal a significant difference in the changes in pH, PO2, or PCO2 associated with keeping samples on ice. Multivariate analysis revealed that neoplastic effusion and a higher red blood cell count in pleural fluid had a significant influence on pH changes. CONCLUSIONS: The pH and PCO2 of pleural fluid did not change significantly during the first 2 hours following thoracentesis, whereas PO2 did undergo a significant change. Keeping samples on ice during this period is unnecessary. Only a higher red blood cell count in pleural fluid and neoplastic effusion had a limited effect on changes in the pH of samples from our patients during the first 2 hours following thoracentesis.

Evolución del equilibrio ácido-base del líquido pleural durante las 2 primeras horas de la toracocentesis / Changes in the acid-base equilibrium of pleural fluid during the first 2 hours after thoracentesis

Objetivo: Valorar los cambios en el equilibrio ácido-base del líquido pleural durante las primeras 2 h de la toracocentesis y la importancia de su conservación en hielo como ocurre en la sangre arterial. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y comparativo de 53 pacientes consecutivos con un derrame pleural. Se realizó toracocentesis con extracción del líquido pleural en 5 jeringas heparinizadas para determinar el pH, presión parcial de oxígeno (PO2) y de anhídrido carbónico (PCO2) basales, a los 30, 60, 90 y 120 min. En los primeros 26 pacientes se obtuvieron 4 jeringas que se conservaron en hielo y se realizaron las mismas determinaciones en el tiempo. Resultados: Los pacientes tenían una edad media (± desviación estándar) de 70 ± 14 años, el 66% eran fumadores, el 72% varones, un 63% tenía un derrame derecho, un 85% unilateral y el 15% masivo. En 10 casos era un trasudado, en 35 exudado linfocitario y en 8 neutrofílico. La etiología fue benigna en 34 casos y neoplásica en 19. El valor basal del pH fue de 7,35 ± 0,1, y los de PO2 y PCO2 de 57,8 ± 20 y 53,7 ± 15 mmHg, respectivamente, y no presentaron cambios significativos durante las primeras 2 h, a excepción de la PO2. El pH presentó una diferencia entre su valor basal y a los 120 min de 0,005 ± 0,02, la PO2 de 12,5 ± 19 mmHg y la PCO2 de 0,8 ± 3 mmHg, con unos coeficientes de correlación de 0,97, 0,49 y 0,98, respectivamente. El estudio comparativo y la regresión simple no demostraron una influencia significativa de la conservación en hielo en los cambios de pH, PO2 o PCO2. Una etiología neoplásica y un mayor número de hematíes influyeron de forma significativa en los cambios de pH en el análisis multivariante. Conclusiones: El pH y la PCO2 pleurales no presentaron cambios significativos durante las primeras 2 h de la toracocentesis, a diferencia de la PO2. La conservación en hielo no estaría indicada durante este período. Sólo un número más elevado de hematíes o una etiología neoplásica tuvieron una influencia limitada en los cambios de los valores del pH de nuestros pacientes en las primeras 2 h

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess changes in the acid-base equilibrium of pleural fluid during the first 2 hours after thoracentesis and to determine whether, as with arterial blood, it is important to keep the fluid on ice. Patients and methods: A prospective, descriptive, comparative study was performed in 53 consecutive patients with pleural effusion. Thoracentesis was performed and pleural fluid was collected in 5 heparinized syringes to determine the pH, PO2, and PCO2 at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. In the first 26 patients, pleural fluid was collected in a further 4 syringes that were kept on ice prior to performing the same measurements at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Results: The patients had a mean (SD) age of 70 (14) years, 66% were smokers, 72% were men, 63% had right-sided pleural effusion, 85% had unilateral effusion, and 15% had massive effusion. In 10 patients the effusion was a transudate, in 35 it was lymphocytic, and in 8 it was neutrophilic. The etiology was benign in 34 cases and neoplastic in 19 cases. The baseline pH was 7.35 (0.1) and baseline values of PO2 and PCO2 were 57.8 (20) mm Hg and 53.7 (15) mm Hg, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the first 2 hours for either pH or PCO2, whereas PO2 did undergo a significant change over this period. The difference between the baseline value and the value obtained at 120 minutes was 0.005 (0.02) for pH, 12.5 (19) mm Hg for PO2, and 0.8 (3) mm Hg for PCO2, with correlation coefficients of 0.97, 0.49, and 0.98, respectively. Comparison of values by simple regression analysis did not reveal a significant difference in the changes in pH, PO2, or PCO2 associated with keeping samples on ice. Multivariate analysis revealed that neoplastic effusion and a higher red blood cell count in pleural fluid had a significant influence on pH changes. Conclusions: The pH and PCO2 of pleural fluid did not change significantly during the first 2 hours following thoracentesis, whereas PO2 did undergo a significant change. Keeping samples on ice during this period is unnecessary. Only a higher red blood cell count in pleural fluid and neoplastic effusion had a limited effect on changes in the pH of samples from our patients during the first 2 hours following thoracentesis

[Bronchoscopic lung biopsy with fluoroscopy to study 164 localized pulmonary lesions]. / Biopsia pulmonar broncoscópica con fluoroscopia en lesiones pulmonares localizadas. Estudio de 164 casos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of bronchoscopic lung biopsy (BLB) in the diagnosis of localized pulmonary lesions. METHODS: A prospective, descriptive study of consecutive patients with a suspected neoplastic nodule, mass, or infiltrate with nonspecific bronchoscopic findings after performing BLB with fluoroscopy. The lesions, clinical and patient characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-four patients with a mean (SD) age of 65 +/- 12 years and a total of 156 masses or nodules and 8 infiltrates (144 neoplasms and 20 nonneoplastic lesions) participated in the study. On average, the lesion was 4.3 +/- 2 cm in diameter and 6 +/- 2 BLBs were performed on each patient, with a rate of serious complications of less than 1%. BLB was diagnostic in 113 cases (69% of the neoplasms and 70% of the nonneoplastic). In cases diagnosed by BLB, the lesions were larger (4.6 +/- 2 cm), more samples were obtained (6 +/- 2 biopsies), nondiagnostic endoscopic alterations were found (30%), and the bronchus sign was present (22%). Moreover, bronchoscopy was better tolerated by those patients. CONCLUSIONS: BLB with fluoroscopy increased the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy for localized lesions with nonspecific findings, regardless of etiology. Larger neoplasms, the bronchus sign, good tolerance, and more tissue samples increased the number of diagnoses, with few complications.

Biopsia pulmonar broncoscópica con fluoroscopia en lesiones pulmonares localizadas. Estudio de 164 casos / Bronchoscopic lung biopsy with fluoroscopy to study 164 localized pulmonary lesions

OBJETIVO: Analizar la utilidad de las biopsias pulmonares broncoscópicas (BPB) en el diagnóstico de las lesiones pulmonares localizadas. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo y prospectivo de pacientes consecutivos con un nódulo, masa o infiltrado sospechosos de neoplasia y con una broncoscopia inespecífica, después de realizar BPB con fluoroscopia. Se valoraron las lesiones, las características antropométricas, clínicas y los resultados. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó en el estudio a 164 pacientes, con una edad media ñ desviación estándar de 65 ñ 12 años, con un total de 156 masas o nódulos y 8 infiltrados (144 neoplasias y 20 no neoplásicos). El diámetro de la lesión fue de 4,3 ñ 2 cm y se realizaron 6 ñ 2 BPB por paciente, con menos del 1 por ciento de complicaciones graves. En 113 casos, la BPB fue diagnóstica (un 69 por ciento de neoplasias y el 70 por ciento no neoplasias).En los casos con BPB diagnóstica, las lesiones tenían mayor tamaño (4,6 ñ 2 cm), aumentó el número de BPB (6 ñ 2 biopsias), tenían alteraciones endoscópicas no diagnósticas (30 por ciento), el signo del bronquio (22 por ciento) y mejor tolerancia a la exploración. CONCLUSIONES: Las BPB con fluoroscopia aumentaron la rentabilidad de la broncoscopia en las lesiones localizadas con una exploración inespecífica independientemente de su etiología. Un mayor tamaño, el signo del bronquio, una buena tolerancia y un mayor número de BPB aumentaron el número de diagnósticos con escasas complicaciones (AU)

Clinical value of video-assisted thoracoscopy for preoperative staging of non-small cell lung cancer. A prospective study of 105 patients.

This study prospectively evaluated the usefulness of thoracoscopy for staging non-small cell lung cancer in 105 consecutive patients. A comparison was made of TNM stage grouping classification according to clinical disease, thoracoscopic data, and pathological findings. In 40 (38%) patients, thoracoscopy was unreliable for assessing extent of disease due to pleural symphysis. In 13 T1 clinical lesions, thoracoscopy was unreliable in 5, clinical and thoracoscopic staging concurred in 4, but 4 cases changed to T2. In 62 T2 clinical lesions, thoracoscopy was not feasible due to technical difficulties in 21 (34%); however, in the remaining 41 cases, 6 lesions changed to T3 and 1 to T4. In the group of 23 T3 or T doubtful clinical disease, thoracoscopy was conclusive, whereas in 12 T4 clinical lesions, thoracoscopy contributed for tailoring treatment strategies. With regard to N stage, 72 N0 clinical cases, thoracoscopy revealed false negatives in 25%. N1 clinical lesions were not evaluated due to the small number of patients. In 30 N2 clinical lesions, thoracoscopy was incomplete in 11. In another 11 cases, mediastinal node involvement at nodal groups not accessible by mediastinoscopy was confirmed by thoracoscopy. Clinical and thoracoscopic findings were not concurrent in eight cases, therefore in clinical N2 lesions, the diagnostic accuracy of thoracoscopy was 63%. Only one case of unsuspected pleural metastasis was detected. Thoracoscopy-related complications occurred in nine cases. In summary, video-assisted thoracoscopy was useful for staging T3, T4, and T doubtful clinical disease as well as N2 lesions especially for the surgical exploration of lymph nodes at the lower paratracheal level (region 4), aortopulmonary window (region 5), paraaortic (region 6), posterior subcarinal space (region 7), paraesophageal (region 8), and inferior pulmonary ligament (region 9).

Resolución espontánea de un quiste tímico primario / Spontaneous resolution of a primary thymic cyst

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[Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma: a report and diagnosis of 2 cases]. / Sarcoma sinovial pulmonar primario. Presentación y diagnóstico de dos casos.

Synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare primary pulmonary tumor whose description is based on a limited number of cases. We report two cases diagnosed by thoracotomy. One patient was initially treated surgically, and a later recurrence was controlled by combined chemotherapy and a second operation after three years of monitoring. In the second case, surgery was imperative to treat massive hemoptysis and was followed by combined chemotherapy after diagnosis of lesions consistent with extrapulmonary metastasis.

Sarcoma sinovial pulmonar primario. Presentación y diagnóstico de dos casos / Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma: a report and diagnosis of 2 cases

El sarcoma sinovial es un tumor pulmonar primario extremadamente raro y con una descripción basada en un número limitado de casos, de los que presentamos los hallazgos de dos pacientes diagnosticados por una toracotomía. Uno de los casos fue tratado inicialmente con cirugía, seguido de una recidiva más tarde controlada con poliquimioterapia y reintervención tras tres años de seguimiento, mientras que en el otro la cirugía fue necesaria por presentar una hemoptisis masiva y se asoció a un tratamiento con poliquimioterapia tras el diagnóstico de lesiones compatibles con metástasis extrapulmonares (AU)

Thoracic esophageal perforations: surgical management with mechanical bipolar exclusion.

We report 12 cases of thoracic esophageal perforation diagnosed during the last seven years. Management was nonsurgical in 2 patients and the rest were treated surgically. Primary repair and drainage were performed in 2 patients, and 7 patients underwent suture of the perforation and bipolar exclusion using nonresorbable staples. The remaining patient was treated with proximal unipolar exclusion. The approach was always through a posterolateral thoracotomy. The result was optimal in 8 patients; the most important postsurgical complications were 2 esophageal fistulas that required surgery, and only one of the patients died of fulminating sepsis. Bipolar exclusion is a procedure that needs only one operation and provides excellent morbidity-mortality rates compared with other exclusion techniques with later reconstruction. We consider suturing with nonresorbable staples to be a simple and safe procedure, with spontaneous recanalization of the esophageal lumen in 2 weeks.